End-stage kidney disease occurs when the kidneys lose approximately 90% of their ability to function normally, resulting in the accumulation of abnormally high levels of fluid and waste, increased blood pressure, and kidney failure. Treatment requires either a kidney...
Head injuries are among the leading causes of disability and death in adults. The damage may be minor, such as a bump or bruise, or may be severe, such as a concussion, open wound, skull fracture, or brain damage. A skull fracture is defined as a break in the cranial...
The term “tracheal stenosis” refers to an abnormal constriction of the trachea that impairs normal breathing. During a bronchoscopy, doctors can examine the lungs and airways. It is typically carried out by a pulmonologist (doctor who specialises in lung...
An acute myocardial infarction is also known as a heart attack, cardiac infarction, cardiopulmonary arrest, congestive heart failure, and coronary infarction. It is a life-threatening disorder caused by insufficient blood flow due to a blockage in the artery, which...
Laryngeal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the larynx (voice box), an organ located in the neck that plays an important role in breathing and speaking. Symptoms of larynx cancer include a lump in the neck, hoarseness of voice, difficulty and/or pain while...